Alex Siauw

On social media, you may have heard influencers promote the idea that having a healthy gut is the most crucial factor for healthy skin, more so than a skincare routine. I decided to investigate the gut microbiome’s correlation with the skin, measure the impact of the microbiota on skin conditions, and how to improve your gut health.

What is the gut microbiota?

The gut microbiota is the collection of microorganisms – bacteria, viruses, fungi – located in the gastrointestinal tract. This means that the intestines are strongly connected with the health of the gut microbiome. The gut microbiota facilitates several of the body’s functions, including protection against pathogens – disease-inducing agents -,  strengthening the immune system, metabolism, the health of the gut barrier, etc.

How does the gut microbiota relate to the skin?

The skin’s health is largely determined by the immune system, as it provides the skin protection from the external environment. The skin contains various immune cells that are populated with microorganisms. The community of these microorganisms inhabiting the skin’s cells is referred to as the skin microbiome, which is interconnected with the gut microbiome. These immune cells rely on the gut microbiome for regulation, enabling them to protect the skin from pathogens and inflammation. An unhealthy gut microbiome – otherwise referred to as dysbiosis – can lead to various skin conditions including eczema, psoriasis, acne, rosacea, skin cancer, etc.. The relationship between the gut and the skin is often called the gut-skin axis. 

How does dysbiosis cause skin conditions?

As the gut microbiome is strongly correlated with the skin, dysbiosis can lead to various conditions. Inflammation from dysbiosis can trigger the body to excessively release cytokines – proteins that regulate inflammation. When cytokines are excessively released into the bloodstream, they start to irritate the skin, causing skin conditions like rosacea. Atopic dermatitis – or eczema – can be caused by dysbiosis as well, as an imbalance in the gut is linked with a weakened immune system, thus making the skin more sensitive to environmental factors. When the skin is more vulnerable and sensitive, it’s more susceptible to developing inflamed, itchy rashes – a common symptom of eczema. In general, an imbalanced gut microbiome is detrimental to the proper physiological functioning of the body, ultimately leading to skin conditions.

Improving gut health with diet

Several dietary modifications are linked with improved gut health, including probiotics, lemon, ginger, and an increased intake of dietary fiber. These modifications all are linked with the production of butyrate – a short-chain fatty acid produced in the gut. Butyrate serves a valuable role in the gut microbiome, an essential component for a healthy gut.  supporting its function and regulation, providing energy for gut cells, and reducing inflammation. The large intestine relies on butyrate as an energy source for its colonocytes – cells that support the large intestine’s function – and thus, a healthy gut. In general, it’s best to avoid excessively processed foods and refined sugars, as these foods can inflame the gut microbiota.

In brief, the gut microbiome is strongly correlated with skin health. An imbalance in the gut microbiome – dysbiosis – hinders the proper functioning of the body, particularly the immune system. When the body fails to function and support the skin barrier properly, the skin barrier deteriorates. For this reason, following a healthy diet is essential to a healthy gut and ultimately, healthy skin.

Works Cited

“Gut–Skin Axis: Current Knowledge of the Interrelationship between Microbial Dysbiosis and Skin Conditions.” National Library of Medicine, pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7916842/#:~:text=The%20microbiome%20plays%20an%20important,by%20an%20altered%20gut%20microbiome. Accessed 13 Dec. 2024.

“Introduction to the human gut microbiota.” National Library of Medicine, 16 May 2017, pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5433529/. Accessed 4 Dec. 2024.

“Signs of an Unhealthy Gut and What to Do About It.” Healthline, www.healthline.com/health/gut-health. Accessed 13 Dec. 2024.

Keratin is a crucial protein that your body constantly produces; keratin is essential for the function and maintenance of the skin, hair, and nails. Neglecting keratin can lead to several skin/hair issues, so it’s important to properly understand the role of keratin and how you can manage it.

What is keratin?

Keratin is a protein, meaning that it’s composed of a chain of amino acids. Keratin can be categorized as either hard or soft keratin. There are over 50 types of keratin, hard keratin and soft keratin are just to name a few. Hard keratin tends to be sturdier and less elastic, which can be found on the hair and nails. Soft keratin is more elastic, which is found on the skin, preventing the skin from sagging (the skin loses elasticity with age). Keratin is an essential protein in the structure of the skin, hair, and nails, but how exactly does it support them?

Keratin in the skin

The skin consists of three layers: hypodermis, dermis, and epidermis. The epidermis is the top layer of the skin, responsible for forming a protective barrier, protecting the skin from pollutants and irritants. The function of the epidermis is accredited to soft keratin, which is created by keratinocytes in the stratum basale – the deepest layer of the epidermis.

Keratin in the hair

Similarly to the skin, the scalp has a dermis and epidermis, with the dermis containing hair follicles. Hair follicles store keratinocytes, which distribute hard keratin from the hair follicle to the hair shaft – the hair that extends beyond the scalp. The hair shaft is almost entirely composed of keratin, which provides the hair with protection, strength, elasticity, etc.

Keratin hair treatments

Although keratin is constantly produced by hair follicles, keratin production decreases with age. Not only do keratinocytes experience lowered cell turnover, but keratin on the surface of the hair starts to break down in response to UV rays from the sun. For this reason, keratin treatments are offered by hair stylists, which is a process that takes a couple of hours. Keratin treatments are enriched with artificial keratin protein to straighten hair and reduce frizz. 

Keratin in nails

Similarly to the hair, nails are primarily composed of hard keratin. Keratin is being constantly produced by the matrix of the nail, which gets pushed out to grow the nail and provide its protective surface.

(https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/24734-nail-matrix)

As we’ve established, keratin is an essential protein in the structure of the skin, hair, and nails, providing protection and strength. Unfortunately, as we age, keratinocytes produce less keratin, and keratin breaks down/gets damaged. However, you can combat this with a proper diet and lifestyle habits.

Boosting keratin production with diet:

In order for a nutrient to boost keratin production, it has to be associated with protein synthesis. Biotin is a B vitamin that has been shown to boost the metabolism of amino acids, and thus keratin synthesis. Protein and vitamin A have also been shown to stimulate protein synthesis. Incorporating foods rich in nutrients like biotin, protein, and vitamin A can boost keratin production in the body.

As we’ve learned, keratin serves the common purpose of protection and elasticity in the skin, hair, and nails. Although keratin is naturally produced by the body, keratin levels decline over time. For this reason, you can modify your diet to boost keratin synthesis in the body, or maybe consider a keratin treatment to replenish keratin in the hair.

Bibliography

https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/keratin

https://health.clevelandclinic.org/keratin-treatments

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513133/#:~:text=The%20part%20that%20we%20call,the%20nail%20bed%20beneath%20it.

https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/keratin-rich-foods#:~:text=Keratin%20is%20a%20type%20of%20protein%20that%20boosts%20the%20health,keratin%20production%20in%20your%20body.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/keratin#:~:text=Keratin%20can%20be%20divided%20into,and%20contains%20approximately%2014%25%20cystine.

You may have heard that you should wash your face with warm water to open up your pores – allowing the cleanser to penetrate deeper- and finish off with a cold rinse to close your pores. This theory comes from the idea that heat increases the kinetic energy of atoms, thus making the pore expand; vice versa for cold water.

To determine whether or not this theory is true, it’s important to first understand the biology of the skin.

Anatomy of the skin

The skin comprises three layers: hypodermis, dermis, and epidermis.

The hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) is the deepest layer in the skin that is responsible for simply storing connective tissue; consisting of collagen and elastin, these tissues work to repair wounds, store fat, and insulate. This layer isn’t technically considered part of the skin, as it primarily serves to connect and protect the body.

Above the hypodermis lies the dermis, which is responsible for fostering hair follicles, blood vessels, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. The blood vessels support the function of the epidermis. The sebaceous and sweat glands lubricate the hair follicle, which then travels to and moisturizes the skin.

The outermost layer lies the epidermis, which is composed of cells that get gradually and naturally exfoliated by newer skin cells. This layer contains the stratum corneum, which is a layer that acts as a barrier for the skin, protecting it from outside irritants. Sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles bleed into the epidermis to form openings on the surface of the skin. These openings are known as pores, which allow these glands to escape. The body has over 5 million hair follicles/pores!

Can pores open and close?
As pores are simply openings to hair follicles and glands on the epidermis rather than cells, the water temperature cannot expand nor contract pores. Pores do not have kinetic energy that responds to a change in temperature. 

Luke-warm water is the best option
Given that the water’s temperature doesn’t directly open/close pores, it’s still beneficial to use warm water on your skin. Hot water damages cells called keratin on the epidermis, which can weaken and dry out the skin barrier. The high kinetic energy of the hot water will irritate/weaken the stratum corneum, ultimately drying it out and hampering its protection from irritants. Cold water, on the other hand, doesn’t damage the skin barrier; however, it still isn’t optimal when cleansing the face because it doesn’t dissolve the cleanser as well. Although cold water can reduce inflammation and increase blood circulation, by using lukewarm water, you’re receiving the benefit of faster-moving and more soluble water, while not damaging the epidermis. Warm water will optimize your cleanser’s ability to dissolve excess oil on your face.

As we’ve proved, the biology of the skin shows that pores can’t open/close in response to water temperature, since they are openings to the epidermis rather than cells. The appearance of congested pores is often confused with “open pores.” If you wish to target large, clogged pores, I recommend incorporating an exfoliating acid into your routine.

Bibliography

“Anatomy, Skin (Integument).” National Library of Medicine, 17 Oct. 2022, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441980/#:~:text=The%20skin%20is%20primarily%20made,functions%20of%20the%20skin%20include. Accessed 18 Oct. 2024.

Hasudungan, Armando, composer. Introduction to Skin Anatomy and Physiology. 2019.

“Histology, Dermis.” National Library of Medicine, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535346/#:~:text=The%20dermis%20is%20divided%20into,tissue%20that%20is%20highly%20vascular. Accessed 18 Oct. 2024.”In brief: How does skin work?” National Library of Medicine, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279255/. Accessed 18 Oct. 2024.

The concept of shampooing your hair is profoundly ambiguous across social media. In the Western world, many people believe in the “no-poo” theory, claiming that terminating the use of shampoo will eventually train the scalp to regulate sebum production, resulting in healthier hair/scalp. This trend promotes using only water on the scalp, or the use of natural ingredients like baking soda and apple cider vinegar to cleanse the scalp instead of complex, synthetic chemical shampoo formulations. Despite the negative connotation of the word “chemicals,” a quality shampoo is essential in maintaining a healthy scalp/hair, which could not be achieved from the no-shampoo method.

Can you actually train your scalp’s sebum production?

Sebum is an essential natural oil your scalp produces that works to moisturize the hair and scalp. However, over time this sebum will continue to build up if a shampoo with oil-soluble compounds like sulfates, ceramides, or stearyl and cetyl alcohols isn’t used. Consequently, using only water will not dissolve sebum buildup, which could lead to dandruff and hair loss due to clogged hair follicles. In all, there is no scientific evidence that supports the theory of training your scalp and hair; you need to use shampoo to get rid of excess sebum and buildup to promote a healthy scalp. If you have curly/coily hair that is prone to frizz, simply limit the frequency of washing your hair rather than terminating shampoo completely. Training the scalp and hair is a myth.

Can you replace shampoo?

Baking soda, apple cider vinegar, and co-washing are a few popular alternatives for shampoo; but are they effective enough? 

Baking soda: Otherwise known as sodium bicarbonate, baking soda has a high pH level of 9. The scalp’s pH level is roughly 5.5, so using baking soda would likely cause irritation and damage to the hair cuticles. Shampoos, however, are typically formulated with a pH level between 3.5 – and 5.5, and gentle surfactants, making baking soda a poor alternative for shampoo.

Apple cider vinegar: 

CH3COOH, or apple cider vinegar, contains 5% acetic acid that works to gently fight bacteria and buildup on the scalp. Apple cider vinegar’s mildly acidic formula with a pH level of 2-3 makes it a more gentle alternative to shampoo. But is it still effective enough? Sebum on the scalp is mildly acidic with a pH level of 4.5 – 6, meaning that apple cider vinegar alone isn’t potent enough to counteract and control excess sebum. This pH imbalance can cause scalp issues.

Co-washing: 

Co-washing is the act of using a cleansing conditioner that is formulated to be massaged onto the scalp, simultaneously cleaning and moisturizing the hair/scalp This method is less stripping than shampoos, making it particularly useful for curly/coily hair because of their higher porosity and prone to breakage; straight and wavy hair may find that co-washing weighs down their hair strands.

Shampoo is necessary for healthy hair

Despite common misconception, shampoo isn’t bad for the hair as long as you’re using a quality, natural product that isn’t too drying. Shampoos are the safest and most effective way of cleansing the scalp and hair. Having healthy hair starts from the scalp, as the scalp gradually builds up sweat, sebum, and pollution that will start to clog the hair follicles. A scalp that isn’t sufficiently cleansed leads to inflammation and hair loss, whereas a healthy scalp can freely promote healthy hair growth. 

Works Cited

“Hair and Scalp Build-Up? What Can Help?” Chagrin Valley Soap & Salve Company, www.chagrinvalleysoapandsalve.com/blogs/idas-soap-box-blog/hair-and-scalp-build-up-what-can-help. Accessed 30 Sept. 2024.

“I Tried Oil Training My Hair, Here’s What Happened.” L’Oreal Paris, www.lorealparisusa.com/beauty-magazine/hair-care/thin-hair/editor-tries-oil-training-hair. Accessed 27 Sept. 2024.

“Sebum Build-Up on Scalp + How to Deal with It.” Taliah Waajid, 30 Aug. 2022, naturalhair.org/blogs/news/sebum-build-up-on-scalp-how-to-deal-with-it?srsltid=AfmBOopQhlcfSzAVFw8a-vEP–r9quoOgv99DRhjeytTI9UDTWc-3tfq. Accessed 27 Sept. 2024.

“The Shampoo pH can Affect the Hair: Myth or Reality?” National Library of Medicine, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4158629/#:~:text=The%20scalp%20pH%20is%205.5,effect.%5B12%2C17%5D. Accessed 30 Sept. 2024.”The Ultimate Guide To Hair pH.” Hair Know How, www.hairknowhow.com/ultimate-haircare-ph-guide. Accessed 27 Sept. 2024.

Introducing an exfoliating acid can result in a brighter, smoother skin complexion, but can be dangerous if done improperly. There are a variety of exfoliating acids that are tailored for each skin type, so here’s how to choose the right one:

Dry Skin

AHAs (alpha-hydroxy-acids) are a gentle, water-soluble exfoliant that is ideal for dry skin types. Both AHA’s and PHA’s are water-soluble exfoliants, but AHA’s are a bit smaller than PHA’s, allowing them to penetrate deeper into the skin, and thus exfoliate more effectively. Dry skin types should avoid BHA’s, because these exfoliants will penetrate too deep into the skin, extracting the skin’s much-needed sebum. I recommend using either mandelic acid or lactic acid instead of glycolic acid because of its deep penetration and risk of irritation.

Oily Skin

BHAs (beta-hydroxy-acids) are ideal for oily skin, as they are smaller, oil-soluble molecules, and thus can penetrate deeper into the skin. Not only will this treat open/large pores, but also help control sebum – unlike AHA’s and PHA’s. This makes BHA’s the optimal exfoliating acid for oily skin, but this group of acids is most likely to cause purging. If your oily skin can’t tolerate BHA’s, you can opt for glycolic acid, which is more gentle than something like salicylic acid since it is an AHA. It’s important to consider that AHA’s are not oil-soluble, meaning that they won’t help manage sebum, so you’ll likely need some other treatment as well.

Combination Skin

For combination skin, it’s best to avoid using a BHA for your entire face, as the dry parts of your face will likely flake because the BHA will penetrate too deep and extract too much moisture. To combat this issue, you can use an AHA/PHA – ideally PHA for sensitive skin – for the u-zone of the face, and a BHA for the oily t-zone. Alternatively, you can use an AHA/PHA for your entire face, incorporating niacinamide to control excess oil in the t-zone. Niacinamide is a vitamin that works to control excess sebum similar to a BHA, although it is less potent as it is not an exfoliating acid. Opt for niacinamide in the form of a serum, or infused in a moisturizer with at least 2% concentration. If you choose to use one exfoliating acid for dry-combination skin, I recommend the alpha-hydroxy-acid, lactic, as it is effective yet gentle. With the potency of this acid, it will effectively exfoliate the open pores/blackheads of your t-zone. While lactic acid is still an AHA, it is water-soluble and relatively large, meaning that it shouldn’t exacerbate the dry areas of your face. If your skin is insensitive, normal-combination, it may be able to tolerate glycolic acid without irritation.

Sensitive Skin

Whether you have dry, normal, combination, or oily skin, if your skin is also sensitive there isn’t a definitive answer to how you should exfoliate, since factors like the degree of skin sensitivity and sebum production come into play. In general, PHA’s are the safest option for sensitive skin, as these molecules are the largest of all exfoliating acids, making them safe for everyday use. PHA’s don’t penetrate the skin as deeply as BHA’s or AHA’s, so it often takes a lot longer for them to yield results. PHA’s are optimal for very sensitive skin types that can’t handle the penetration of AHA’s and BHA’s. However, a counterargument to this group of acids is that they aren’t oil-soluble, meaning they can’t manage sebum production. If you struggle with oily, sensitive skin, you can solve this issue by incorporating a low concentration of niacinamide into your routine. Some people with sensitive skin may be able to tolerate AHA’s/BHA’s, but as a general guideline to be safe, PHA’s are optimal for sensitive skin.

While exfoliating acids are not completely necessary in a solid skincare regimen, if you struggle with blackheads, texture, or hyperpigmentation, exfoliating can be the next step in reaching your skin goals.

Works Cited

“AHA and BHA Acids for the Skin: What’s the Difference?” Irvine Laser Center, www.irvinelasercenter.com/blog/aha-and-bha-acids-for-the-skin-whats-the-difference#:~:text=Solubility%3A%20AHA’s%20are%20water%20soluble,surface%20AND%20inside%20the%20pores. Accessed 7 Sept. 2024.

Best of The Ordinary | DOCTORLY Favorites. Produced by Muneeb Shah and Luke Maxfield.

“Unlocking the potential of niacinamide: What percentage is effective for skin health?” Curology, 31 Aug. 2023, curology.com/blog/niacinamide/. Accessed 7 Sept. 2024.

What are retinoids?

Whether you’re looking to reduce skin texture or prevent premature aging, retinoids are powerful active ingredients that increase skin cell turnover, resulting in younger, clearer skin.These powerful actives work to heal acne,  promote collagen production, and delay aging. However, many people are hesitant to start retinol, as their skin gets worse before it starts to improve. This is known as purging, which is a phase where the skin starts to breakout for the initial few weeks, adapting to the retinoid.

Although purging may seem intimidating, the proper skincare products can minimize the severity of the purging phase and dryness. Providing the skin with the proper hydration to compensate for the dryness is crucial when starting retinoids, so it’s important to choose hydrating products that work to repair/maintain the skin barrier.

Cleanser
When choosing a cleanser, avoid using BHA’s/exfoliating actives that could potentially overstrip the skin, such as salicylic acid and benzyl peroxide. Granted, BHA’s are effective in treating acne that may occur during the purging phase of retinoids; however, combining these two powerful ingredients may be irritating for the skin, especially if your skin tends to me more sensitive. If you don’t have sensitive skin and choose to implement BHA’s in your routine, use them alternatively with retinoids. In the morning, you can skip the cleanse, and continue with the rest of your routine. The AM cleanse will further irritate sensitive skin damage the skin barrier. When looking for a cleanser, look for ingredients that hydrate the skin, and help restore the skin barrier, such as hyaluronic acid, glycerin, and ceramides. These key ingredients work to compensate for the skin’s dryness, and actively help rebuild the skin barrier.  I personally recommend to browse Korean cleansers, as they focus more on hydrating the skin, so they tend to be more gentle and effective than western products. The Roundlab Dokdo 1025 cleanser is a great option, as it has several soothing and hydrating properties that are safe for dry and sensitive skin.  In general, search for gentle, hydrating cleansers that are sulfate-free and fragrance-free.

Serums

Serums are a great addition to your skincare routine, especially when starting retinoids. Serums will accentuate your skin’s hydration levels, and soothe the irritation caused by retinoids. Centella asiatica extract is a popular ingredient found in a lot of Korean skincare products, and can often be found in the form of a serum. Centella asiatica will help retain the moisture lost during retinol, and alleviate breakouts and burning sensations. Although serums may not be completely necessary if you’re using a quality moisturizer, their high concentrations of acids will enhance your skin’s hydration levels.

Moisturizers

Thick, creamy moisturizers are optimal for starting a retinoid, as the retinoid promotes peeling and irritation. Thicker consistencies tend to be more hydrating than gel-like moisturizers; however, avoid oil-based formulas, as they can clog pores and worsen breakouts. Instead, look for moisturizers that promote barrier-repair like ceramides, hydrating ingredients such as glycerin and hylauronic acid, and soothing ingredients like centella asiatica and aloe vera. Moisturizers with keywords like “soothing creams” are often excellent options, as they target the primary repercussions of retinoids.

Sunscreens

Since retinoids make the skin more susceptible to UV damage, sunscreen is a must. Consistent use of sunscreen will ensure the retinoid is able to function properly, and prevent further irritation. When looking for a sunscreen, aim for fragrance-free, moisturizing formulas that won’t be greasy after reapplication. This can be in a form of a sunstick, such as the Centella Sunstick. 

Although maintaining healthy and hydrated skin during retinoids seems tedious, your skin will be healthy and glossy once the purging phase is over. Choosing quality, moisturizing products is crucial for compensating for dryness during the retinoid purge.

Bibliography

Works Cited

“Beta Hydroxy Acids.” U.S. Food & Drug Administration, 25 Feb. 2022, www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-ingredients/beta-hydroxy-acids. Accessed 4 July 2024.

“Centella Asiatica: The Most Popular Skin Care Ingredient You’ve Never Heard of.” Cleveland Clinic, 9 June 2023, health.clevelandclinic.org/centella-asiatica-for-skin. Accessed 4 July 2024.

How to Use a Retinoid like a Dermatologist. Produced by Muneeb Shah and Luke Maxfield.

“Retinoids & Summer: Should I Skip My Retinol When the Sun’s Out?” Cambridge Laser Clinic, 30 July 2021, cambridgelaserclinic.com/retinoids-summer-should-i-skip-my-retinol-when-the-suns-out/#:~:text=Prolonged%20exposure%20to%20sunlight%20will,treatments%20at%20night%2C%20before%20bed. Accessed 4 July 2024.

Skincare Ingredients You CAN’T Mix?! | Doctorly Investigates. Produced by Muneeb Shah and Luke Maxfield.

Today, February 23rd, 2022, marks my first ever volunteering experience.

A few weeks prior to this date, my brother has been volunteering at “Food Lifeline”, which is a nonprofit organization which allows people of all ages to volunteer and assist them with achieving the goal of donating food to food banks. My brother, Max, had been volunteering numerous days, 2 hours per visit, which sparked curiosity in me.

At Food Lifeline, I met a plethora of kind people ranging from ages 14 to up to 50. It was a genuinely fun experiencing that involved teamwork, with the purpose of putting a stop to hunger. I learned a lot of new skills there, along with a subtle workout-transporting 20-30 pound boxes! Despite this being my first time, I found this experience really fun and plan on continuing it more in the future.

September 4th was my first day of in-person school in 1.5 years. Ensuing the isolation we experienced for a year and a half, I didn’t know whether to feel excitement or agitation.

I didn’t know if I could interact with others the way I used to do, whether or not school would be unpleasant with the new Covid-19 restrictions, and if we’re actually easing our way back to our regular lives.

The date is now September 11th, and I had just completed 7 days of school. I experienced various emotions and there were a lot of pros and cons. As for socializing with my friends, it went a lot better than I expected; I expected everyone to be shy and it would be like the first day of pre-school all over again. Also, the school had a completely new schedule, then resulting to me waking up at 6:45 am when prior to that was 7:30. As with P.E, we had to run around the track for 12 minutes. This wasn’t the best experience for me considering I had muscle pain in my legs and I could not run for more than 5 seconds. Adding on, breathing was a major difficulty I fought since I didn’t want to take my mask off due to the risk at stake- students secretly took their masks off.

These factors made me question my return to school with covid-19 and it still does not feel like we’ve resorted back to our normal lives. What I am hoping for the most is to return to amusing activities that I have not touched in years; this includes partying, eating at restaurants, and going to the gym to exercise my favorite pastime- basketball.

We stood aside as the king walked by to venerate his presence.

The sight of the city was highly aesthetic and exquisite.